• For use in slow moving or quiescent waters
• Do not apply in intertidal areas or estuaries
• Downstream uses minor concern
  • Contact type herbicide with short half- life

• Avoid contact and potential damage to adjacent susceptible plants
  • Especially water lilies within application zone

• No issues related to this tool

• Moderately toxic to fish
  • LC₅₀ (96-hour) = 2.3 mg/L in rainbow trout and 21 mg/L in bluegill sunfish
  • Daphnia magna LC₅₀ = 6 mg/L

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• Non-toxic to waterfowl – mallard duck LC₅₀ > 2,250 mg/kg

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• Irrigation restrictions from 0-5 days may apply for turf and ornamental plants
  • See label for application method, rate and depth for possible restriction

• There are no restrictions on livestock consumption of treated water

• No potable water use restrictions

• No issues related to this tool

• No fish consumption restriction

• No issues related to this tool

• No swimming restriction

• See plant physiology parameter considerations below for current rates by plant species
  • 50-200 ppb for submersed applications
  • 2-8 oz/ac for foliar applications

• Short half-life in water depending on season, water depth and especially pH

• Microbial metabolism is the primary degradation pathway in soil – half-life ~45 days

• Does not bind in sediments or adsorb to soil particles

• Susceptible to photodegradation with a half-life of ~3 days

• Primary degradation pathway in water – especially sensitive in low pH waters
  • Half-life of four days at pH = 5 and minutes at pH = 9.0 in laboratory tests

• Dissipation is minimal with the very short half-life

• Not available in aqueous formulation

• Water dispersible granular herbicide
  • Mix with water and apply as liquid solution

• Classified in WSSA Resistance Grouping #14
  • Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) enzyme inhibitor

• Inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme important in chlorophyll synthesis
• Absorbed through the leaves – does not move in the plant
• Causes formation of a light-absorbing chlorophyll precursor outside of the chloroplast
  • This compound absorbs energy from sunlight, but cannot pass through the Z-scheme
  • Energy is passed on to oxygen, creating radical oxygen and cell membrane disruption

• Not used as a plant growth regulator in Florida aquatic plant control applications

• No tolerance or resistance issues reported in Florida
• Resistance has been reported for PPO inhibitors in terrestrial applications
  • Rotate or combine with other active ingredient where appropriate

• Important to know water depth to calculate appropriate concentration for submersed applications

• Important to have accurate bathymetry to calculate appropriate concentration for submersed applications

• Do not apply to flowing water
• Can be used in slow moving, quiescent waters

• Relatively fast-acting contact type herbicide
• Controlling large area may reduce dissolved oxygen level
  • Wait 10-14 days if treating as much as half of the waterbody

• Half-life is pH dependent in field tests
  • Low pH (6.0-6.2) = 39 hours
  • Medium pH (7.0-7.2) = 18.6 hours
  • High pH (>8.5) = 1.7 hours
• Use buffer if tank mix water exceeds pH 7
• Apply submersed applications early in morning when pH is generally at lower values

• No issues related to this tool

• Higher light intensity usually equates to more robust growth of submersed target plants

• Sand/Clay – no issues related to this tool
• Organic – no issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool
• Does not adsorb to suspended material in water body or in tank mix water

• Fanwort
  • Use to control cabomba at about 200 ppb
  • Cabomba usually present in lower pH waters

• Ambulia (Limnophila sessiliflora)
  • Alone at 200 ppb
  • Combination of flumioxazin at 100 ppb + diquat at 370 ppb
    • Very active on water lilies at this rate

• Water lettuce
  • 2-4 oz / ac applied foliarly
  • 50 ppb for submersed application to control water lettuce
    • Need an area >15 ac to compensate for dissipation
• Hydrilla (and Hygrophila (Hygrophila polysperma))
  • Alone at 200 ppb
  • Combination of flumioxazin at 100 ppb + diquat at 370 ppb
    • Ludwigia grandiflora and torpedograss control at 4 oz / ac + 7.5 pt / ac glyphosate
    • Increasing use for selective water lettuce control
    • ~50 ppb for submersed applications and 2-8 oz / ac foliar application
    • 4 oz / ac + 4 oz / ac penoxsulam for water lettuce / water hyacinth mix
• Ludwigia uraguayensis complex and Cuban club-rush
  • 4 oz flumioxazin + 96-120 oz glyphosate / ac
  • Adding flumioxazin accelerates knockdown – unclear if it increases efficacy

• Need actively growing plants for herbicide uptake
• Mature plants are more difficult to control due to higher carbohydrate reserve

• Good alternative to diquat for controlling water lettuce mixed with bulrush
  • Does not cause bulrush stem spotting or browning associated with diquat applications
• Foliar applications when wind speed < 10 mph to reduce damage from drift
• Apply in early fall (Oct/Nov) or late winter (Feb/Mar) for best hydrilla control
  • Lower biomass and pH likely lower
• Water lilies in application zone may be impacted
  • Especially when applied with diquat for hydrilla control

• Thorough water lettuce control
  • Regrowth from seed or new plants flushed into control zone
• Regrowth is rapid when applied to mature or slowly growing hydrilla
  • Must kill root crowns to slow regrowth from tubers

• Needs 4-8 hours of contact for good herbicidal activity

Seasonally

• Need actively growing target plants for herbicide uptake

• Higher light intensity usually equates to stronger growth and therefore better control of young submersed plants (hydrilla / cabomba)

• No issues related to this tool

• No generics available
• Similar chemistry available in carfentrazone
  • Not as much operational monitoring or use of carfentrazone

• Area of submersed plant control (hydrilla, cabomba, limnophila, hygrophila) is generally confined to the area to which flumioxazin is directly applied
• Low-dose submersed applications with expectations of dispersal to control water lettuce

• Hydrilla efficacy improves when applying to young actively growing plants
• Better efficacy during cooler weather – October/November – February/March
• Longer control duration when root crowns killed

• Floating plants
  • Needs 1-2 hours of foliar contact for control activity
  • Symptoms in 3-5 days – control in 7-14 days
• Submersed plants
  • Needs 4-6 hours for good control activity
  • Symptoms in 7-14 days – control in 14-28 days

• Foliar applications by backpack, airboat for small-scale applications to water lettuce
• Shallow hose for submersed application to control water lettuce
• Apply with deep water trailing hoses for larger scale submersed plant control