• See irrigation and potable water parameters below

• Avoid applications within newly planted aquatic revegetation sites

• No issues related to this tool

• Practically non-toxic to fish
  • Fathead minnow LC₅₀ – 96hr > 122 ppm
  • Bluegill LC₅₀ – 96hr > 119 ppm

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• Practically non-toxic to birds
  • Mallard duck dietary tests LC₅₀ > 5,500 ppm

• Need to minimize flow for at least 48 hours to allow good contact

• No issues related to this tool

• No turf irrigation restrictions
• Wait 24 hours before irrigating crops if applied within 100 feet of intake at concentrations > 75 ppb
  • Approved for food crop irrigation after concentration drops below 75 ppb

• No issues related to this tool

• No restrictions for applications made 1/4 mile or more from active potable water intake
• Shut down water intake if application exceeds 50 ppb within ¼ mile of potable water intake

• No issues related to this tool

• No fishing restrictions

• No issues related to this tool

• No swimming restrictions

• Maximum rates
  • Submersed applications – 500 ppb (173 fl oz / ac ft)
  • Foliar broadcast – 1 gpa
  • Spot applications – up to 5% by volume
• Generally applied at:
  • 8-16 oz / ac for water hyacinth control
  • ~32 oz / ac for primrose willow and cattail control

• Not sensitive to microbial breakdown

• Weakly adsorbed to clay and organic particles

• Broken down by sunlight – primary pathway

• Not sensitive to hydrolysis

• Soluble in water
  • May dissipate widely in submersed applications depending on water movement
  • Herbicidal activity only in areas where concentration is sufficient to control target plant

• Available in liquid formulation

• Available in granular formulation
• Granular formulation used for spot and large-scale submersed plant applications

• Classified in WSSA Resistance Grouping #2
  • Acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme inhibitor

• Quickly absorbed by leaves and shoots
• Moves to areas of new growth
• Shuts down plant growth almost immediately
  • Acts like contact herbicide in this regard
  • Control may take 2-6 weeks
• Prevents the formation of essential branched chain amino acids in plants – ALS
• Without these essential amino acids, the plant cannot make proteins, enzymes, etc.
  • Plant cannot continue growing and eventually starves and dies

• Not currently used as a plant growth regulator in FWC programs
• Functions as growth inhibitor or growth regulator at lower rates of 50-150 ppb
  • May provide 3-6 months growth suppression at lower rates

• Resistance to ALS compounds confirmed in terrestrial species
  • No resistance reported in Florida aquatic plants
• Rotate other compounds for successive control applications, or
  • Use in combination with other active ingredients

• Amounts used for submersed applications are depth dependent – see label for chart

• Accurate bathymetry is required to calculate prescribed dose for submersed plant applications
  • Apply if possible when water level (volume) is lower

• Need at least 2-3 days of exposure for submersed applications
  • Similar to potassium endothall

• DO sags not likely an issue with current FWC small-scale use patterns

• No issues related to this tool

• Slow acting herbicide so nutrient release from decomposing plants is slow

• Color/tannic content – no issues related to this tool
• Turbidity – no issues related to this tool

• Sand/Clay – no issues related to this tool
• Organic – do not apply granular formulation to flocculent organic sediments

• No issues related to this tool

• Cattail
  • Applied at rates of 16-32 oz / ac with methylated seed oil adjuvant
  • Very active on cattail
    • 32 fl oz / ac for selective, but slow (~3 months) control when mixed with bulrush
    • 64 fl oz / ac for effective control of monocultures, but less selective
    • 32 fl oz / ac + 32 fl oz / ac glyphosate for excellent monoculture control, but non-selective
  • Much better selectivity than glyphosate or imazapyr alone

• Primrose willow (Ludwigia peruviana)
  • Applied alone at 32 oz / ac
  • Combined at 32 oz / ac imazamox + 4 oz / ac carfentrazone

• Uruguayan primrose willow complex
  • Applied foliarly alone at 32 oz / ac
    • Combined at 32 oz / ac imazamox + 4 oz / ac carfentrazone
  • Submersed application – 400 ppb for
    • Rosette growth stage or emergent plants less than 15″ tall
• Water hyacinth
  • Applied foliarly at 8-16 oz / ac
  • May take 2-4 weeks for control
• Wild taro
  • Extremely active on wild taro
  • Applied at 96-128 oz / ac

• Lower rates may have greater impact on young actively growing plants

• Must be applied to actively growing target plants

• May provide more than 1-year control of floating plants during in-water applications

• Apply when wind / wave action is calm for submersed applications

Seasonally

• Apply to actively growing plants

• Intense sunlight may accelerate photolytic breakdown

• Apply with water temperature generally above 50º F to ensure active growth of target plants
• Plants must be actively growing to take up herbicide

• Generics are not available

• Submersed applications will disperse outside treatment area depending on water movement
• Minimize dispersal for submersed applications using granular formulations

• Relatively slow acting
  • Growth ceases almost immediately after application
  • Symptoms are slow to express
  • Control may take 2-6 weeks

• Apply by hand gun and airboat for small acreages
• Or by helicopter for larger acreages of floating and emergent plants