Solanum torvum

Turkey berry

Nonnative to FloridaFederal Noxious Weed ListFlorida Noxious Weed ListFISC Category 2 Invasive

Species Overview

Native to: Tropical America

Brought to Florida, presumably as a potential food crop, before 1899. It was observed to be established by the early 1930s. The fruit are highly esteemed in Thai cooking and are also consumed elsewhere in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. Immature fruit, however, may contain toxic glycoalkaloids that can cause gastrointestinal and neurological distress. This species has been used as a nematode- and bacterial wilt-resistant rootstock for eggplant and tomato and in breeding programs to improve disease resistance in eggplant.

Species Characteristics

Family: Solanaceae

Habit: evergreen, multi-branched shrub or small tree that can grow to 16 feet high. Branchlets bear stellate (star-shaped) hairs and scattered flattened, broad-based, straight to slightly hooked prickles (absent on older woody branches).

Leaves: alternately arranged, with a distinct petiole ½ to 2 inches long. The leaf blade is 3 to 10 inches long, oblong to ovate in shape, with two or three shallow lobes on each side (occasionally unlobed) and often with an oblique (unequal) base. The upper leaf surface is green and stellate pubescent, while the lower leaf surface is a paler grayish-green or whitish-green and is more densely stellate pubescent. Scattered, flattened prickles are occasionally found along the midveins on both leaf surfaces.

Flowers: axillary, branched inflorescences bear up to 100 bright white, star-shaped flowers, ½ to 1 inch across, often with a mix of bisexual and staminate (male) flowers. The inflorescence branches, pedicels (flower stalks) and calyces bear scattered stellate hairs and short, simple gland-tipped hairs.

Fruit/Seeds: globose to ovoid fruit, which are usually no more than ½ inch wide, turn yellow at maturity and are borne in erect clusters. Each fruit contains up to 200 flattened, circular to ovate or irregularly shaped seeds, which are pale to dark yellowish-brown in color and have a glossy, minutely reticulate surface.

Distribution in Florida: Reported from 8 counties in South and Central Florida, and Columbia County in North Florida.

Impacts

Bird dispersed, it is most often found in open, disturbed areas (with full to partial sun exposure), such as roadsides, agricultural fields, pastures and cleared woodlands, but has also been reported from dry to mesic hammocks, floodplain marshes and swamps. May form dense thickets that out-compete native plant species. Has been reported as a host of both the Oriental fruit fly and Mediterranean fruit fly which can be damaging to agriculture.

Control Methods

Preventive Measures

Do not plant.

Cultural/Physical

Replace in landscape with native plants. Hand pull small plants.

Mechanical
Biological

None known.

Chemical

Seedlings can be controlled in pasture with 2,4-D and glyphosate has shown some effectiveness in foliar applications, more research is needed. Consult your local UF IFAS Extension for further assistance with management recommendations.

Learn more about this species

UF IFAS Assessment of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas

Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas: Solanum torvum

Atlas of Florida Plants

EDDMapS

FDACS Noxious Weed Page

USDA Plant Database

Invasive Species Compendium

View records and images from University of Florida Herbarium