• Do not apply within ¼ mile upstream of functioning potable intake in rivers

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool – potential for bioaccumulation is low

• Moderately toxic to fish
  • 96-hour LC₅₀ = 1.6 mg/L in rainbow trout and 2.0 mg/L in bluegill sunfish
• Daphnia magna 48-hour LC₅₀ > 10 mg/L

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool at operational rates (~4.0 oz/ac) and strategies

• Non-toxic to waterfowl
  • Mallard duck and bobwhite quail oral LD₅₀ > 2,250 mg/kg

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• Do not use treated water for 1 day after application to < 20% of waterbody
• Do not use treated water for 14 days after application to > 20% of waterbody

• Do not use water for livestock consumption for I day after applying to 20-50% of waterbody

• Do not apply within 1/4 mile of functioning potable water intake in lakes
• Do not apply within 1/4 mile upstream of functioning potable intake in rivers

• No issues related to this tool

• No fish consumption restriction – does not bioaccumulate in fish

• No issues related to this tool

• No swimming restriction

• Apply at 4.0 oz/ac with 32 oz/ac imazamox to control Ludwigia grandiflora/hexapetala

• Short half-life in water depending on season and water depth – see hydrolysis

• Microbial metabolism is primary degradation pathway in soil – half-life < 1.5 days

• Does not bind in sediments or adsorb to soil particles

• Susceptible to photolytic degradation

• Primary degradation pathway in water
• Half-life of 3-5 days in water

• Minimal with the very short half-life and use pattern of foliar applications

• Available as a liquid formulation which is emusifiable in water

• Not available in solid formulations

• Classified in WSSA Resistance Grouping #14
  • Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) enzyme inhibitor

• Inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme important in chlorophyll synthesis
• Absorbed through the leaves – does not move in the plant
• Causes formation of a light-absorbing chlorophyll precursor outside of the chloroplast
  • This compound absorbs energy from sunlight, but cannot pass through the Z-scheme
  • Energy is passed on to oxygen, creating radical oxygen and cell membrane disruption

• Not used as a plant growth regulator in Florida aquatic plant control applications

• No tolerance or resistance issues reported in Florida
• Resistance has been reported for PPO inhibitors in terrestrial applications
  • Rotate or combine with other active ingredient where appropriate

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to small areas of emergent plants

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants
• Does not bind with organic or clay particles in tank mix

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – small-scale emergent plant management

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• Sand / Clay – no issues related to this tool
• Organic – no issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool
• Does not adsorb to suspended material in water body or in tank mix water

• Not used to target native plants in FWC Programs

• Not used to target non-native plants in FWC Programs

• Ludwigia grandiflora/hexapetala
  • Applied directly to leaves at 4.0 oz/ac + 32 oz/ac imazamox
  • Not confirmed if carfentrazone adds long-term efficacy above imazamox alone
  • May provide faster control
    • Rapid shoot burndown may reduce translocation, reducing long-term control
  • Addition of carfentrazone may reduce selectivity somewhat to comingled plants

• Need actively growing plants for herbicide uptake
• L. grandiflora/hexapetala has high submersed rhizome vs above water leaf / shoot mass
  • Early spring foliar applications may be ineffective – not enough above-water mass
  • Floating / submersed leaves not effectively controlled with foliar treatment
  • Follow-up applications may be necessary for late summer, dense, woody growth

• Does not control adjacent knotgrass, torpedograss, pickerelweed, turfgrass

• Injury to comingled non-target plants is usual minimal with eventual regrowth

• Needs 1-2 hours of contact for good herbicidal activity

Seasonally

• Need actively growing target plants for herbicide uptake

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• Not an issue with FL use pattern – foliar applications to emergent plants

• No generics available
• Similar chemistry available with flumioxazin
• Generally more expensive than 2,4-D or diquat

• Control is confined to the area to which carfentrazone is directly applied to target plants

• Efficacy improves when applying to actively growing plants with high emergent leaf/shoot biomass

• Symptoms in 2-5 days – control in 3-4 weeks

• Foliar applications by backpack, airboat for small-scale applications to Ludwigia spp.