• Only used in Florida FWC-funded management program near potable water intakes
  • Approved for use in potable waters
  • Applied within setback areas where other aquatic registered herbicides cannot be used
  • Spot applications for water hyacinth or water lettuce control
  • Chelated copper compounds

• Avoid applications within newly installed aquatic revegetation sites

• May be toxic to apple snails at higher application rates

• May be toxic to some fish at higher rates, especially trout
• Fish toxicity generally decreases as water hardness increases

• No issues related to this tool

• Discontinued use in areas accessible by manatees
• May be toxic to apple snails (primary food source of Everglades kite) at higher application rates

• Practically non-toxic to birds

• No issues related to this tool – only applied in spot applications for floating plant control

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• No restrictions

• No drinking water restrictions

• No issues related to this tool

• No fish consumption restriction
• May temporarily accumulate in gills and liver – does not accumulate in muscle tissue

• No issues related to this tool

• No swimming restriction

• Applied at rates of 0.75-1.0 ppm for floating plant control near potable water intakes

• As an element, copper can persist indefinitely
  • Precipitates out of water within a few days
  • Binds to particulates in water and sediments
  • Accumulates over time

• Not broken down by microbes

• Adsorbs to organic materials and clay particles
• Degree of adsorption depends on acidity and alkalinity

• Not sensitive to photolysis

• Not sensitive to hydrolysis

• Does not disperse widely in treated waterbodies
  • Limited foliar spot applications, precipitation, settling, adsorption

• Available in organic complex called copper chelate
  • Designed to keep in solution as long as possible

• Copper sulfate available in crystal formulations; also called blue stone
• Copper chelate available in granulated or pelletized formulations

• Classified in WSSA Resistance Grouping as Unknown

• Absorbed by foliage or underwater tissues
• Does not move within the plant – contact type herbicide
• Appears to act on cell membranes or photosynthesis but how is unknown
• Cell membranes become leaky and cell contents spill out
• Without membranes, cells cannot make energy

• Used only as herbicide for aquatic plant control applications in FWC programs
• Functions as growth inhibitor or growth regulator at lower rates

• Resistance reported in blue-green algae after repeated use over decades in Minnesota
• Used occasionally for spot applications to floating plants in Florida

• Not an issue with FWC use pattern of spot applications directly to foliage

• Not an issue with FWC use pattern of spot applications directly to foliage

• Not an issue with FWC use pattern of spot applications directly to foliage

• Not an issue with FWC use pattern of spot applications directly to foliage
• May be an issue for large-scale algae control in potable water reservoirs

• In waters of < 50ppm alkalinity, may be toxic to fish at rates applied to control plants
• Copper sulfate precipitates in waters with high alkalinity (> 250 ppm)
• Copper precipitation less of a concern with chelated copper formulations

• Fast acting, but generally not an issue with the small-scale use patterns in Florida

• Color/tannic content – no issues
• Turbidity – avoid applications to highly turbid waters

• Sand/Clay – adsorption to organic particulates and clay sediments
• Organic – adsorption to suspended organic particles
• Avoid applying pellets to deep flocculent organic sediments

• Avoid disturbing sediments when applying to shallow waters

• Not used to target native plants in FWC Programs
• Copper is used for short-term algae control in ponds and drinking water reservoirs

• Not used to target non-native plants in FWC Programs

• Water hyacinth and water lettuce
  • Foliar application at .75 – 1.0 ppm
  • Occasionally used near potable water intakes where other herbicides are restricted

• Need actively growing plants for herbicide uptake
• For best results, apply to young, actively growing plants

• Current use in Florida is for floating plant control near potable water intakes
  • More effective on young and actively growing floating plants

• Requires thorough wetting with spray solution
• Reinspect within 1-2 weeks for plants that may have been missed

• Apply when rain is not forecast

Seasonally

• Apply to actively growing plants

• Not broken down by photolysis
• Higher light intensity may equate to rapid plant growth and herbicide uptake

• No issues related to this tool

• Herbicides with equivalent floating plant control efficacy are available
• Only used in FWC program near potable water intakes where other herbicides are restricted

• Controls only floating plants that are thoroughly wet with copper solution

• Provides long-term control of floating plants
• Better efficacy with young / small / actively growing floating plants

• Controls floating plants in 2-3 days after application

• Apply via handgun from airboat tank mix or back pack sprayer for spot applications