• No crop tolerances established except for corn

• Avoid applications to hydrilla within or adjacent to newly planted revegetation sites

• No issues related to this tool

• Practically non-toxic
  • Rainbow trout LC₅₀ – 96 hr. > 97.4 ppm
  • Bluegill LC₅₀ > 239 ppm

• No issues related to this tool

• No issues related to this tool

• Practically non-toxic
  • Mallard duck LC₅₀ > 5,000 mg/kg

• May be difficult to maintain effective concentration in flow-through flood control waters
  • Topramezone requires contact time of 60-120 days for submersed plant control
  • Combine with potassium endothall to reduce exposure period

• No issues related to this tool

• No crop tolerance established except for corn
• Do not apply to waters used for food crop irrigation until concentration drops below 1 ppb
  • Except for corn (up to 25 ppb)
• No irrigation restrictions for established turf with topramezone concentration < 30 ppb
• Do not use for irrigation of sod farms, golf course greens and tees, or newly seeded turf
  • If > 1 ppb, without manufacturer approval

• No livestock consumption restrictions

• Do not use when concentration exceeds 45 ppb

• No issues related to this tool

• No fish consumption restrictions

• No issues related to this tool

• No swimming restrictions

• Maximum rate 50 ppb
• Generally applied at 25-40 ppb for hydrilla control
  • Depending on growth stage and plant maturity

• Average half-life in Florida waters is about 4-6 weeks

• Minor breakdown pathway via aerobic processes

• Weakly adsorbed to soil and organic particles

• Primary breakdown pathway via sunlight

• Not sensitive to hydrolysis

• May dissipate widely due to long exposure requirements
• Herbicide activity only in areas where concentration is sufficient to control target plant

• Not available in liquid formulation

• Available in wettable powder

• Classified in WSSA Resistance Grouping #27
  • Chemical class called pyrazolones
  • Inhibits 4-HPPD enzyme (4-Hydroxy-phenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase)
  • Impacts chlorophyll synthesis

• Slow acting – absorbed by leaves, shoots, and roots
• Translocated to meristematic tissue and inhibits chlorophyll synthesis via oxidation
  • Results in bleaching symptoms of the growing shoot tissue (white or pink coloration)
  • Subsequent death of the above ground portion of the pant

• Not used as a plant growth regulator in Florida aquatic plant control applications

• Isolated resistance to 4-HPPD compounds confirmed in terrestrial species
• No evidence of resistance in Florida aquatic plants
• Rotate or combine with other compounds for successive large-scale applications

• Amounts used are depth-dependent for submersed plant control
  • See label for chart calculations

• Accurate bathymetry required to calculate appropriate concentration
• Apply if possible when water level (volume) is lower to reduce amount of required herbicide

• Needs several months of exposure to control established hydrilla
  • Limited to use in waters with good retention capability
  • Under evaluation for shorter exposure requirements for herbicide combination use patterns

• Slow acting herbicide taking several months to achieve hydrilla control
• Oxygen depletion due to rapid kill and decomposition is not likely

• No issues related to this tool

• Fairly slow acting herbicide taking several months to achieve hydrilla control
  • Rapid nutrient release and subsequent algae blooms not likely

• Broken down by photolysis – heavily tannin-stained waters may prolong half-life
• Clearer water may accelerate plant growth, increasing control efficacy

• Not bound to clays or organics

• Not bound to clays or organics

• No current use patterns to control native aquatic plants in FWC-funded programs

• No current use patterns to control non-native aquatic plants in FWC-funded programs

• Hydrilla
  • Operational use for whole-lake or large-scale hydrilla control
  • Rates of 25-40 ppb depending on site and level of plant maturity
  • Monitor in-water concentration and apply bump application to sustain prescribed dose
• Water hyacinth
  • Controls water hyacinth via root uptake during hydrilla control
  • Operational use under evaluation for foliar or submersed applications

• Need actively growing plants for herbicide uptake
• For best results, apply in late winter / early spring before hydrilla matures
• Lower rates may be applicable for young actively growing plants

• Current use pattern in Florida is for hydrilla control only
• More effective on immature and actively growing hydrilla
• Higher rates may be necessary to control mature hydrilla or in warmer waters

• Longer term control when applied to actively growing immature hydrilla
• Seasonal control of some native submersed plants
  • e.g., Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis)
  • May temporarily impact American lotus (Nelumbo americana)
  • Minimize native plant impacts by applying when native plants are dormant

• Apply when wave action is low to minimize dissipation

Seasonally

• Apply in late winter / early spring for hydrilla control
• Hydrilla is actively growing and generally has lower carbohydrate reserves
  • Control may be more thorough
• Apply to flow-through reservoirs during drier periods when flushing rainfall is less likely

• Broken down by photolysis – higher light intensity may accelerate breakdown
• Lower light intensity may prolong half-life and inhibit hydrilla ‘s ability to regrow and recover

• Apply when water temperature is generally above 50°F to ensure active hydrilla growth

• No generics available
• Other herbicides available with similar systemic use pattern for hydrilla control

• Systemic herbicide requiring 60-120 days of contact for hydrilla control
• Apply to entire waterbody or large block of hydrilla in protected waters

• Provides hydrilla control for ~12 months when applied alone with several months of exposure
• Better efficacy during cooler weather – late winter or early spring
• More herbicide uptake in actively growing hydrilla – more thorough control

• Slow-acting systemic – may take 60-120+ days to control target plants

• Apply via subsurface injections by boat